Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) is a genetic condition that makes someone more likely to get breast, ovarian, prostate, and some other cancers. HBOC is caused by a change (mutation) in a gene that can be passed down in families.
When several people on the same side of a family have breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer, a doctor might suspect HBOC syndrome. Often these cancers are found in women who are younger than the usual age, and some women might have more than one cancer (such as breast cancer in both breasts, or both breast and ovarian cancer). HBOC might also be considered when someone has a cancer that is unusual (such as breast cancer in a man).
What causes hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)?
Most often, HBOC is caused by an inherited mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. Some families have HBOC based on family cancer history, but they don’t have any known mutations in either of these genes. Changes in other yet unknown genes might also cause HBOC.
How is hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) diagnosed?
HBOC is diagnosed when a person suspected of having the syndrome has genetic testing to look for an inherited BRCA gene mutation in their cells.
Women with a strong family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer may choose to get genetic counseling to help estimate their risk for having a BRCA gene mutation. A genetics professional can estimate a person’s risk based on their history of cancer, the history of cancer in their family, and other factors. If they have a high risk, they might choose to be tested for BRCA mutations.
Men with breast cancer, which is rare and is sometimes linked with HBOC, are often offered genetic counseling and testing for BRCA mutations.
If a person is found to have a BRCA gene mutation, other blood-related family members may choose to get tested for it as well, to see if they’re also at increased risk.
To learn about more , see Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk.
Why is it important to know if you have hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)?
People who have a BRCA mutation have an increased risk of developing some types of cancer, including :
- Breast (in both women and men)
- Ovarian and fallopian tube
- Primary peritoneal cancer
- Pancreatic
- Prostate
It might let you take steps to lower your cancer risk or find it early
- If you are diagnosed with HBOC, there are things you can do to lower your risk of getting cancer or to help find it early, when it’s likely to be easier to treat:
- Ask your doctor if you should start getting cancer screenings at an earlier age, if you should be screened more often than usual, or if you should get certain kinds of screening tests.
- Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking an oral medicine to lower your risk of developing breast cancer. This is called chemoprevention.
- Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of preventive surgery to lower your risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer.
- Ask your doctor if there are other things you can do to lower your cancer risk, such as staying at a healthy weight, being active, and avoiding or limiting alcohol.
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is not the only family cancer syndrome that can increase breast or ovarian cancer risk. For information about other genes and syndromes that raise the risk of these cancers, see Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors.
If you already have cancer, it might affect your treatment
For people already diagnosed with cancer, finding a BRCA mutation might also affect their treatment. For example, some medicines are only likely to be helpful if the cancer cells have a BRCA mutation.
It might affect your family members
If you have a BRCA mutation, some of your blood-related family members might have it, too. Talk to your close relatives (parents, siblings, and children) about getting tested for the BRCA mutation you have. They have a 50% chance of having the mutation as well. If they prefer to not get tested, they may want to start screening for certain cancers early or take other precautions to lower their risk of cancer.
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- References
Developed by the American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team with medical review and contribution by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).
Daly MB, Pal T, Maxwell KN, et al. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic, Version 2.2024. JNCCN. 2023;21(10):1000-1010. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2023.0051.
Yamauchi H, Takei J. Management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2018;23(1):45-51. doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1208-9.
Yoshida R. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC): review of its molecular characteristics, screening, treatment, and prognosis. Breast Cancer. 2021;28(6):1167-1180. doi:10.1007/s12282-020-01148-2.
Last Revised: May 13, 2024
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